I- the past perfect: S+had+past participle
example: I realized that I had forgotten my keys
Use
. We use the past perfect simple tense to make it clear that an event was completed before another event..
When I arrived there Sarah had already left. (I arrived after lunch. Sara went home before lunch.)
. It is used to refer to activities that were completed before a point of time.
Had you ever travelled by plane before your holiday in Spain?
When+s.past+past perfect/ After+past perfect+s.past/ By the time+s.past+past perfect/Before+s.past +past perfect
II- the past perfect continuous
S+had been +verb (ing)
example: she had been crying when I came home.
use
1. It is used for activities that began before a point of time and were still continuing at that point of time.
Last summer Josh had been renovating his house for two years. (He started three years ago and last summer he was still renovating his house.)
III-verbs +infintive with to or gerund
Admit-avoid-give up-imagine-regret-suggest..+infintive with "to"
Begin-continue-forget-hate-love-like-dislike- start…….+gerund
It’s no use…..
T o be worth
Can’t help
Can’t stop
Can’t stand..
Look forward to
Apologise for
Argue about
Believe in
Care about
Complain about
Feel like
+gerund
IV- The passive voice
RULE : Object + be+ p.p
V- the future perfect
Form: S+ will have+ past participle
VI-THE CONDITIONALS
1. CTI
If +simple present +fuure
2. CT II
If +simle past+would / could/might+infinitive
3. CT III
If +past perfet+would/could/might have+past participle
VII- Wishes
1. Wishes in the present: I wish/if only +simple past
2. ly+past perfect
Wishes in the past: I wish/if on,
VIII-
Relative pronouns
subject object possessive
people Who+v Who/whom+pronouns(proper) Whose+noun
things Which+v Which+ pronoun/noun(proper) Whose+noun
IX- Linking words
Addition: besides-what's more-furthermore-too......
Concession: despite-inspite of-although-nevertheless-though-nonetheless...
Purpose: to-in order to- so as to- so that........
cause &effect: because of-due to-owing to- as-since-thanks to-therefore-as a result-consequently
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